Cyber Crime in Australia-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Crime in Australia. Answer: Introduction Cyber crime is becoming one of the raging issues for the businesses in Australia. It is difficult to assume the accurate figure of how much the businesses are expending due to the enhancement in the cyber crime. The increase in the cyber crime causes disruption in business and results in information and revenue loss. Besides the private sector, the government of Australia is also concerned about the amplification of the issues related to cyber crimes. Consequently, the business organizations as well as the government of the country are striving to develop cyber security policies and implement them within the business organization and in the country (Valli, Martinus and Johnstone 2014). The Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) has amalgamated all the cyber security capabilities that were prevailing across the Australian Government into a single location. CERT is the Computer Emergency Response Team of the country and is the contact point for all the Australian businesses that are affected by cyber security issues. All the major Australian businesses including the owners of the critical infrastructures or any other systems that is of national interest who becomes subject to cyber security issues shall contact CERT for assistance and support against such cyber threats. The Australian businesses are under statutory obligation to act in compliance with the cyber security framework (Stuart 2016). Project Objective To identify the kinds of threats posed by cyber crimes in Australian Businesses To recognize the challenges faced by cyber security for businesses in Australia Project Scope The scope of the project is to recognize the challenges and the issues related to cyber security faced by the Australian businesses and the legal statutes or policies that have been enacted or developed by the government of the country with a view to safeguard the business organizations from the cyber threats (Brookes 2015). The business corporations shall be at an advantageous position if they act in compliance with the cyber security provide by the government of the country. The literature review shall also entail useful information about the types of challenges that are being faced by the business organizations due to the enhancement of the cyber crimes. Further, the information includes the huge amount of money that is incurred by these business organizations to maintain the advanced cyber security systems. Moreover, the information provided about the different methods that would safeguard the businesses from being subjected to cyber crimes. Literature review Concept and Impact of cyber crime in Business in Australia The cybercrime refers to the crime committed using computer devices and the internet to act in contrary to the law. Some of the common cyber crimes include online frauds, identity fraud, theft, and hacking of websites and computer systems. Cyber crime attacks lead the companies to spend hefty amount as per the unclassified report of the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC). As per the report of the ACSC, the businesses that are mostly subjected to cyber crimes include Banking, Communication providers and Energy providers. In Australia, most of the business is dependent on the Internet for their everyday activities. All the critical and vital information are being stored in the online storage systems known as cloud such as the information about the details of the company, the personal information about the members of the organization, the financial details and other useful an vital information of the company (Wall 2015). It has become a common practice for the hackers to hack such digital information of major companies and threaten the companies to cause damage to their reputation. To compromise with company data is a serious issue for any company and the corporations are required to be cautious and adopt reasonable measures to prevent such cyber crime. Cyber activities that are malicious in nature pose a security challenge for all the businesses being operated in the country and all over the world. The Australian organizations across the private and public sectors have been subject to frequent cyber attacks. In fact, major multinationals overseas and governmental organizations have suffered immense loss of sensitive and personal information causing significant damage to the business and its goodwill (Sarre 2016). The most common cyber security issues faced by Australian Companies Recently, in 2016, major companies like Yahoo and Snapchat have been subject to significant cyber attacks that had caused substantial damage to the privacy data of the companies and have affected their reputation as well. Given that the country has a stable economy and a very internet friendly society, it is no surprise that it attracts a good opportunity for the cyber criminals to hack the digital information. The most common forms of the cyber related activities that causes damage to the reputation of the company are as follows: Number of fakes- the number of fakes is increasing that causes reduction in the trust of the people in the internet and businesses. This implies that it becomes difficult for the businesses to build trusts with the customers. Fake advertisements are becoming common for the hijackers to hijack the websites. Email frauds- Due to the fakes appearing all over the internet, the hijackers are provided with greater accessibility to the machine learning tools, which gave rise to fake email frauds. The cyber criminal usually target those individuals who are conferred with greater financial responsibility within the business and deceives that individual to transfer the funds into a fraudulent bank account. App store malware- the increase in mobile ransomware allows hackers to have access to credit cards and bank accounts. Authentication scheme- people usually use the same passwords for various accounts and cyber criminal depend on the previous history of previous passwords and access their accounts. Concept of cyber security In order to combat with cyber crimes, multi-disciplinary affair that aims at preventing cybercrime from taking place in the first place and minimizing its impact after it takes places. This is known as the practice of cyber security. Although it is a fact, that cyber security is constantly developing with the increase in the cyber crimes, but in case of failure of the cyber security, it would cause violation of user accounts and publications of passwords and names (Scully 2014). The cyber crimes usually deal with financial gain, theft of government intelligence or critical business infrastructures. Further, the incline in the occurrence in the malicious cyber activities, it is posing a threat to the national security, economy and foreign policy of the country. Challenges of cyber security Since the systems and people have become connected significantly, the value and quantity of information that is available online has enhanced as well. This has also led to an incline in the attempts made to exploit and steal such information. This establishes the fact that the cyberspace and the opportunities it offers pose a significant threat (Clough 2015). The most substantial challenge that cyber security faces is the humans themselves. Multi-faced creatures who are merely concerned about their influences, agendas, beliefs and their faults, characterize the human. They give more priority to their own interests and agendas and wisdom have time to think about others (Hooper et al. 2013). Even the strictest system can be hacked by using the social engineering. A user who is convinced to provide his login details over the phone to some unknown person; an innocent click on any email link or being convinced to provide personal information, cannot be prevented from falling into the trap of cyber enabled activities. Under such circumstances, no secure network or security software or firewalls can prevent such cyber activities. In a recent research made by the University of Germany, it has been reported that more than half of people simply click on links that have been sent by strangers despite being aware of the fact that such messages or links could easily hack their personal as well as other essential information. Further, it can be observed that although cyber security is all about defending the technologies used by businesses in the contemporary world, but it also defends individuals. However, the due to the unawareness or casualness that people exhibit while accessing websites and social networks, they fall prey to the advanced cyber enabled activities which causes loss of valuable information as well as psychological distress. Therefore, it is important to understand and recognize the threats posed by the cyber crimes to avert such crimes. Another significant factor that poses a challenge to the cyber security in the contemporary world is the increase in the targeted attacks- from violation and email distribution of socially engineered ransomware with a view to cause harmful attacks on the critical infrastructure like energy networks. Data manipulation is another significant challenge that encompasses cyber security today. This refers to the controlling of the machines or providing wrong/manipulated information to human operators without their knowledge (Yar 2013). An intrusion vector refers to the path that gains access to a target and the common intrusion vectors include malicious links and emails sent, attachments, fake websites that download viruses and through unsecured wireless hotspots and weak passwords. Malicious actors use intrusion vectors with a view to exploit human behavior (Ko and Choo 2015). They usually create an email that contains malicious software, which is based on the interest of the person targeted in order to attract the target to open such vector. The actors usually manipulate such persons to disclose confidential information and such target is ether chosen through social media or cyberspace. Lack of proper education and awareness is another essential factor that poses a challenge to the cyber security. It has been observed that professionals like lawyers and doctors hold prestigious positions but have incompetent knowledge about the cyber security. Education includes incorporating cyber security at workplace to inform people of the risks associated with the cyber space. Another essential factor includes lack of collaboration amongst the individuals and authorities that are responsible to prevent any form of cyber attacks. On the contrary, the attackers work together as a team and they work exceptionally well in that they share their knowledge and skills and develop new hacking techniques. Impact on Business The Cyber Security Strategy lays more emphasis on the damage that is caused to the business due to the malicious cyber activity especially, theft and manipulation of the company data and other relevant information (Shackelford 2014). Although the contravention and hacking of the company information brings the organization under the limelight and attracts media coverage, but if such information is or trade secrets is compromised by competitors or they become subject to the hactivist attacks like Sony that was allegedly caused by the North Korean hackers, it would cause substantial damage to the business organization. The cyber-enabled activities shall affect the directorial duties as well as the requirements of annual director report disclosure, hence, the directors are required to exhibit care ad diligence while exercising their duties. Statutory Regulations The Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) has stated that cyber resilience is regarded as high-risk area that shall be taken into consideration in ASICs surveillance programs of regulated entities. Hence, the business organizations are required to comply with the regulations. The Australian Securities Exchange recommended that listed entities must review the effectiveness of the management framework. The Privacy Act [1988] (Cth) (Privacy Act) requires all private sector and non-for-profit organizations whose annual turnover is more than $3 million to take reasonable steps in order to safeguard the personal information from being lost or misused. The establishment of the Cyber Security Strategy by the Australian Government aimed at implementing the following five themes of action in the next four years to 2020: Stringent cyber defenses; National cyber partnership Cyber smart nation; Innovation and growth; Global influence and obligations; The government shall provide substantial resources with a view to improve its own cyber security facilities, which would require recruitment of cyber security specialists in every governmental departments and agencies. given that the cyber attacks are usually conducted through the weakest link and that the hackers target the individuals by accessing the connected networks, therefore, the government is required to provide guidance to the government agencies with a view to continuously assess the security risks associated with such agencies (Shafqat and Masood 2016). The Cyber Security Strategy provides a wide scope for development in the cyber security sector. The private sectors are required to co-design the national voluntary guidelines on cyber security. The government shall develop a national plan to improve the cyber security of the country as a part of the National Innovation and Science Agenda. The government aims at: Recognizing the cyber technology gaps for the industry; Coordinating and linking with a national cyber security innovation network and the cyber security innovation hubs overseas; To invest in the national cyber security framework and infrastructure; Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be inferred that although there are several threats associated with cyber security in Australia, but there are technological opportunities that would enable the country to combat such crime-enabled activities. On one hand, it is the technology that has led to an incline the cyber crime rates all over the world, on the other hand, it is the same technology that provides opportunities to prevent the same. Technology provides new ways of conducting business operations and presents new business and economic opportunities. In order to prevent cyber crimes and ensure cyber security it is important that cyber security form an essential part of the conversation in every business organization so that it is considered in the decisionmaking process of the organization. Every business organizations must ensure that they have best practice policies, an efficient IT auditing and a responsible staffs for cyber security operations. Further, in case of a breach, the faster it is responded to the greater is the possibility of lessening the loss, whether it is reputational or financial. Lastly, sharing the results of the cyber breach with government and industry shall prevent an unknown hacker from hacking the organizations information. Reference list Valli, C., Martinus, I. and Johnstone, M., 2014, January. Small to medium enterprise cyber security awareness: an initial survey of Western Australian business. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Security and Management (SAM) (p. 1). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp). Stuart, D., 2016. Defence mechanism. Company Director, 32(6), p.40. Brookes, C., 2015. Cyber security: Time for an integrated whole-of-nation approach in australia. Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers. Brookes, C., 2015. Cyber security: Time for an integrated whole-of-nation approach in australia. Indo-Pacific Strategic Papers. Sarre, R., 2016. Hacked: Digital innovation comes hand in hand with cyber security. Scully, T., 2014. The cyber security threat stops in the boardroom. Journal of business continuity emergency planning, 7(2), pp.138-148. Broadhurst, R., Grabosky, P., Alazab, M., Bouhours, B. and Chon, S., 2014. An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime. Hooper, C., Martini, B. and Choo, K.K.R., 2013. Cloud computing and its implications for cybercrime investigations in Australia. Computer Law Security Review, 29(2), pp.152-163. Yar, M., 2013. Cybercrime and society. Sage. Crawford, T.A.M. and Evans, K., 2016. Crime prevention and community safety. Ko, R. and Choo, R., 2015. The Cloud Security Ecosystem: Technical, Legal, Business and Management Issues. Syngress. Shackelford, S.J., 2014. Managing cyber attacks in international law, business, and relations: In search of cyber peace. Cambridge University Press. Yu, S., Wang, G. and Zhou, W., 2015. Modeling malicious activities in cyber space. IEEE network, 29(6), pp.83-87. Shafqat, N. and Masood, A., 2016. Comparative analysis of various national cyber security strategies. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 14(1), p.129. Fourie, L., Pang, S., Kingston, T., Hettema, H., Watters, P. and Sarrafzadeh, H., 2014. The global cyber security workforce: an ongoing human capital crisis. Clough, J., 2015. Principles of cybercrime. Cambridge University Press. Wall, D.S., 2015. The Internet as a conduit for criminal activity. Vakhitova, Z.I. and Reynald, D.M., 2014. Australian Internet users and guardianship against cyber abuse: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 8(2), p.156.

Purchasing Written Essay Samples

Purchasing Written Essay Samples Ok, I Think I Understand Written Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About Written Essay Samples! All the due process rights work with each other to safeguard the person from unreasonable government persecution. Let's say that you're writing an essay on The big causes of Road Accidents in your City, it's obvious you're going to develop two or three points. Ideally, other rights help safeguard a reasonable trial and ought to be respected, although they might not be strictly crucial. The Lost Secret of Written Essay Samples Just be certain that you get information you have to have in writing so you won't have much a tough time getting started. If you haven't been assigned a topic, you have a bit more work to do. The previous step in the procedure is for students to have a fantastic close look at their very own work and the work of their peers. Then it's worth your while taking the opportunity to learn where you'll find the examples which you have to ob tain an understanding for the topic. The college admissions essay is the best chance to showcase the distinctive portions of your nature and formative experiences that made you the person you're today. Writing good compositions is essential in the English Language in the feeling that it enables the student to have the ability to express what is in their mind regarding a specific matter. Students have a difficult time in writing if they don't have a draft or outline to follow. Many students think a thesis is merely a group of ideas strung together with a couple crucial words. All you write on paper is taken into account. When you compose a resume for the very first time, it may take you some time to put everything in order and create your CV appear presentable. It's well worth noting that not every illustration will necessarily be of the appropriate style that you want to use. When you plan your essay and jot down the points you're likely to go over in your draft, you are going to have lot of points to discuss. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you might want to argue is a great start. If you're able to select your own topic, choose something you're interested in. In a well-developed paragraph, students ought to be in a position to underline the sentence that's the POINT. In the place of searching for free content, you might think the prospect of searching for samples you have to cover. What you have to do is to explore the topic. Another fantastic place to discover examples on the internet is to stop by a website that specializes in writing papers for students. One of the very first places you may desire to begin looking is on websites which run writing competitions. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. An excellent essay should have essential points. If you have to compose a persuasive essay then you might be wondering where to look for good-quality samples. To begin with, an intriguing essay demands an intriguing subject, issue, or question to discuss. Students have a challenging time in writing the essay since they do not understand what approach they'll use. If you are aware of how to use example essays as a reference, established paper writing services might help you accomplish your academic targets. You have to compose a reflective essay that is simple to comprehend and you can do it by utilizing simple language. There are 10 basic kinds of essay that are widespread in the sphere of academic writing. If you don't understand how to begin your essay or where to search for supporting data, we'll be pleased to help you. The essay can't be written according to standard essay scheme due to the reason that the thesis statements in addition to conclusions are blurry. When it regards an expository essay, bear in mind that it's aimed at an estimation of the subject from your standpoint.

How to Research Paper Topics on Student Athletes - The Illustrated Guide

How to Research Paper Topics on Student Athletes - The Illustrated GuideDo you know how to research paper topics on student athletes? It's an interesting topic that will get you thinking. The book I am going to suggest here is written by a world class academic and contains some really good ideas on topics for research papers on athletes.If you haven't heard of it, this book is 'The Guide to the Academic World of Collegiate Sports.' This book was written by Dr. Donald Crupi. It has been a big help for me on my research papers because of the quality of information and excellent research skills. Most of the authors in this book are high profile academic sports scholars.The author provides examples from different sports disciplines. There are lots of interesting information and insights about different sports. I especially liked the categories of the subjects covered in the book, including; government, higher education, sports teams, academic student athletes, expert analysis of athlete performance, medical care in sports and more. These topics are very much up to date and I learned a lot from them.The topics covered in the book include; trends in athletic development, fundamental methods of athletic training, performance testing and biometric identification, trends in sports performance, and most importantly, sport safety. It also talks about the factors influencing sports performance, including nutrition, brain development, and neuroplasticity. The book covers a wide range of topics covering many areas of the study of sports, including social issues. It talks about similar topics on sports school, parent/teacher associations, etc.This book talks about what sports players can expect in terms of nutrition and their body image, as well as; what is acceptable in sports, what they should do when an athlete is injured or ill, and many other topics. It does a great job at explaining why sports players suffer injuries and how to be a better person to play the sport. It d oes an amazing job at showing the different athlete skill sets that are needed in the sport. The book talks about things like strength, power, endurance, agility, speed, awareness, and problem solving.All these features make the sports individual distinct, and it makes their unique characteristics such that it helps them excel in their sport. The author provides some other tips on what is expected of players in order to excel in sports. He talks about small things that the athletes need to improve upon, and also how they should treat practice and competition, and how they can prevent injuries.After reading this book, I have lots of ideas on paper topics for my research papers. And I will keep it in mind as I read more articles about sports and academia. I hope you enjoy it too.So if you want to know how to research paper topics on student athletes, start using this book. You won't regret it!

Essay Writing Tips for College Applicants

Essay Writing Tips for College ApplicantsWriting the profile essay is an important part of the college admissions process. This is one part of the application that is crucial to get into a particular college or university. It is important to write the profile essay well because it is the first thing that the college admissions committee sees.You should know that a profile essay is different from most essays because this is not an academic composition. In fact, it is a personal statement of your life experience and life goals. It also provides insight about your past life experiences, which can be very valuable in telling your story in a personal way.There are some guidelines to writing the profile essay, and you need to follow them if you want to do well in this part of the application process. The first thing you should do is create a plan for writing the essay. You need to decide on how you will organize the essay, and what information should be included in it.For example, most wri ters of essays know that the first three sentences should be very short, then move on to the major portion of the essay. Also, as the semester progresses, you can expand the length of the essay to include more information. But this is a good place to start because you don't want to get bogged down in too much detail in your profile essay.Now, here are some things to consider when writing the profile essay that may help you get through the admissions process. You may include the following items in your essay: the major life events that shaped your personality, accomplishments, and goals; you should also include areas where you plan to specialize; and describe the ways you learned about your major and also other areas of interest. All of these things are key to getting through the application process with flying colors.In addition, this kind of essay is a great vehicle for delivering your message to colleges that accept the application, but the national student information you use for your profile essay also plays a role in what you write in it. You should use a variety of national student information for your profile because you want the college admissions committee to have the ability to get more information and understand you better.Another thing you may include in your essay is a link to a website that provides more information about you and your accomplishments, and it may also have contact information. You can then get in touch with these people if you have any questions or feedback.

Sample College Essay Cover Page

Sample College Essay Cover PageA sample college essay cover page is a fantastic way to put yourself in the center of attention and give your potential readers a glimpse into the personality that you have. It's important that a reader knows who you are, what you're looking for, and what sort of person you'd like to be when you finish your essay.Since your paper is going to be read by so many people, it's important that your paper has everything that you need to write it. You can't have things to worry about or talk about, since this will only cause confusion. You'll find that when you have everything needed at your fingertips, it's easy to get the writing down.You will have to think about the style of writing you're going to use in order to succeed with this assignment. There are a lot of different styles that you can choose from, but you'll want to choose one that has a personal touch to it. If you don't try to voice yourself from the heart, you won't be able to do it well. You will also want to try to use common phrases that people say over again, which will help to make the content more friendly.It's very important that you include the most important components of your paper, including the body of your paper. Many students tend to skip this part, which is very unfortunate. You will want to be sure that the title you give the paper is all there and contains everything that you need to fill it out.Remember that you will also be answering a few questions that might appear on your paper. If there is any information that's required, be sure to include it. Making sure you do your best to get everything you need is extremely important for your essay to be as professional as possible.A great idea to add to your strategy is to try to make an outline for your essay. Your entire paper will revolve around the skeleton of the essay, so you'll want to know what kind of structure you'll need to put your paper together.Once you've got all your strategies in place, you won't have to worry about how a student won't like what you have to say. The best strategy is to know what you're doing. This strategy should work for almost anyone.

Issues in Auditing and Professional Practice free essay sample

We all consider different risks are less offensive than others and some are willing to take chances others would not even contemplate. Is this a question of morality or being smart? Is smartness driven by greed or is it a matter of testing one’s ability to soar and succeed and seeing how much they can get away with without being caught? I would argue that it has to be driven by some form of self gain or the motivation would be lost. Certainly this was the case in the Enron scandal. Ethics would say that as long as no harm is done to others then it is fine. Law would look further to see if the â€Å"intention† behind an action is to deceive even if no harm was done up until that point. Therefore, the law is there to curb the â€Å"temptation† for doing things that could possibly cause harm to others. We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Auditing and Professional Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most laws are reactive rather than proactive as they are only established when there’s a breakdown in a presumed ethic or social responsibility. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 is a section that helps detect and prevent fraud from happening; however it has taken several major company collapses and losses to thousands of investors for this law to eventuate. This section is not an end to all fraud however as it has been recognised that â€Å"governments cannot legislated against corporate collapses or for corporate integrity† as the former ASIC chairman David Knott said in the article published by The Australian Financial Review on July 18th 2002. As efficient as section 404 may now appear to be, it would be ineffective if the methodologies change. For example, the introductions of CDOs and their complexities appeared reasonable at first. It wasn’t until all the flow-on effects of years of subprime lending that the effect of such dealings showed its flaws. As the status quo changed and accounting rules changed to fair value accounting the basis of the structure upon which the idea of CDOs was built on changed resulting in endless consequences. The â€Å"intentions† of such schemes as the world came to know was greed – a trait that does not sit well with ethics. Now the world is paying the price. Is this judgement day for the world to stand up and say â€Å"no† to greed and â€Å"yes† to ethics? Is this an outcry for more regulation or for ethics? Alas, we have short memories and as we know, unless there’s a policeman behind us we will break the rules. This is why the need for Audit Committees and independent Non-Executive Directors has appeared in the financial world. The opportunist in us prevents us from being totally ethical beings as unfortunate as it may be. We are all ethical when conditions are favourable to us, only a few people stay morally tuned when going through tough times and those are the people who have stuck to their beliefs, whether those beliefs are moral or economic beliefs. I have found no greater satisfaction than achieving success through honest dealing and strict adherence to the view that, for you to gain, those you deal with should gain as well†. Alan Greenspan (American economist and former chairman of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006). Question 1: (Chapter 10 â€Å"Australian Wheat Board†, p135 Question 4) Discuss the lessons to be learnt from the AWB s candal. The Australian Wheat Board (AWB) case illustrates how, despite the introduction of laws such as CLERP 9 (2004) to combat corporate fraud, there still exist opportunities for fraud to occur and executives who take those chances. There are lessons to be learned from this case relating to the culture in which management operated, and the importance of risk management and internal controls. The timeline shown in Appendix 1 lists the chronology of events concerning and surrounding the AWB since the first Gulf war in Iraq in 1990 through to its exposure in 2006. This provides the key background details about the case. The consequences of the AWB fraud have been vast. According to Commissioner Terence Cole who headed the inquiry to determine if the â€Å"AWB or its officers broke any Australian Laws† reported the following consequences: (Johnson R. 2007, p126-127) -The AWB lost its reputation -Shareholders lost half the value of their investment through a decline in share prices during 2006 placing the company in a vulnerable state to a takeover -Trade with Iraq worth over AUD$500 million has been forfeited -Many senior executives have resigned Some companies will not deal with the AWB -Some wheat farmers are unwilling to trade with AWB in Australia and overseas -Australia’s reputation in international trade has been tarnished -The Iraqi Grains Board suspended purchases of wheat from the AWB, Iraq being one of AWB’s top three export markets -The AWB lost its right to veto any application by competitors to export bulk whea t supplies From a legal point of view Professor Ramsay, a corporate law professor at the University of Melbourne, stated that the directors, including non-executive directors in the audit and risk committees breached their duty of care under Section 180 of the Corporations Act (Refer Appendix 2) which requires company officers to act with â€Å"care and diligence†. Section 181 also requires that these duties be discharged in â€Å"good faith and for a proper purpose†. In the 2003, 2004 and 2005 Annual Report of the AWB it is stated that one of the audit committee’s roles is â€Å"to monitor policies and procedures to ensure compliance with statutory and legal, financial and corporate governance responsibilities†. It would appear that the audit committee in this case did not perform its corporate governance responsibilities very well particularly when directors with certain skills and industry knowledge should have known or ought to have known certain facts, in this case that the trucking fees were not genuine and were likely to be contraventions of the United Nations sanctions on Trade with Iraq.

Roderick Chisholms Solution to “the Problem of the Criterion” Essays

Roderick Chisholms Solution to â€Å"the Problem of the Criterion† Essays Roderick Chisholms Solution to â€Å"the Problem of the Criterion† Paper Roderick Chisholms Solution to â€Å"the Problem of the Criterion† Paper Roderick Chisholm’s Solution to â€Å"The Problem of the Criterion† In this paper, I will argue that Roderick Chisholm fails to give an adequate solution to the problem of the criterion. According to Chisholm, the problem of the criterion is the ancient problem of â€Å"the wheel† or â€Å"vicious circle† (Chisholm, 77). Chisholm explains the problem of the criterion by stating that in order to know whether things are as they seem to be, we must have a procedure for recognizing things that are true from things that are false (Chisholm, 77). He then states that to know if the procedure is a good one, we have to know if it really recognizes things that are true from things that are false, and that we cannot know whether it really does succeed unless we already know what things are true and what things are false (Chisholm, 77). Thus, we are caught in a circle (Chisholm, 77). Chisholm states two questions that he says express some of the philosophical issues that are involved with the problem of the criterion. Question â€Å"A† says, â€Å"What do we know? What is the extent of our knowledge? and question â€Å"B† says, â€Å"How are we to decide whether we know? What are the criteria of knowledge? † (Chisholm, 79). Chisholm considers a skeptical solution for the problem of the criterion and, two non-skeptical solutions for the problem of the criterion (Chisholm, 80). One of the non-skeptical solutions Chisholm considers is â€Å"methodism†. According to Chisholm, â€Å"methodists† are th ose who think that they have an answer to question â€Å"B† and from that, they can then figure out the answer to question â€Å"A† (Chisholm, 80). The other non-skeptical solution Chisholm presents is â€Å"particularism†. According to Chisholm, â€Å"particularists† are those who think they have an answer to question â€Å"A† and from that, they can then figure out the answer to question â€Å"B† (Chisholm, 80). Chisholm himself prefers the non-skeptical solution to the problem of the criterion of â€Å"particularism† (Chisholm, 81). Chisholm argues that there are things that we know to be true (Chisholm, 81). He claims that if we report to someone what we are now seeing, hearing, and feeling then the chances are that the report will be correct and that we must trust our senses (Chisholm, 81). On the other hand Chisholm presents the fact that people often think they see, hear, or feel things that they do not really see, hear, or feel, and that the senses do sometimes deceive us (Chisholm, 81). Similarly, Chisholm states that the same things can be argued about what we remember (Chisholm, 81). After Chisholm presents these points he brings up an epistemological principle that was formulated by St. Augustine which demonstrates Chisholm’s argument, â€Å"It is more reasonable to trust the senses that to distrust them. Even though there have been illusions and hallucinations, the wise thing, when everything seems all right, is to accept the testimony of the senses. † (Chisholm, 81). I object to Chisholm’s argument because it fails to give an adequate solution to the problem of the criterion. Although it is explained well, it does not solve the problem. Chisholm gives explanations of the skeptical and non-skeptical solutions that seem to alleviate the problem, but after reading this article I was left with the same question in my mind, â€Å"What came first? The chicken or the egg. † Bibliography 1. Chisholm, Roderick (1973). â€Å"The Problem of the Criterion. † In Philosophical inquiry, Adler and Elgin (eds). Indianapolis: Hackett 77-85.